What is Kinetic theory of gases ?

Kinetic theory of gases is based on three fundamental principles: the most important one is translational velocity, defined by the impulse it releases in each increment of time.

Translational velocity is measured by the change of energy in moles over time.

Second, the speed of sound in a gas depends on the density and temperature of the gas, and it is measured in units of meters per second per kelvin at a given temperature and pressure.

The third principle is to consider the speed of motion of a body in a uniform fluid, defined as the mean kinetic energy per unit mass in addition to the component in the opposite direction.

In particular, if the particle's kinetic energy equals the mean kinetic energy of the fluid, the particle has no net motion in the fluid, just like a rigid object in a viscous fluid.

It follows from the above that a translational motion in a gas is independent of temperature and pressure, unless the substance is a liquid.

A volume of gas expands when a body or particle of it moves.

If the object is a solid, the gas molecules must overcome forces, resulting in a net translational velocity increase.

Due to the conservation of energy, these molecules must all release an equivalent amount of energy in this way.

With the translational motion as the only useful tool to measure the density of a gas, the density of a gas can be determined by the ratio of its molar volume (ρ) to its molar volume (ρ) to the molar volume of pure helium (4.2076 vs. 4.2119).

One of the major factors in determining the molar volume is temperature.

Heat (and kinetic energy) exchange between a gas and its surroundings results in a gradual decrease in the density of the gas.

The molar density of pure nitrogen is 5.24 g/mL, but at 20 °C, it reaches 0.51.

The molar density of oxygen and carbon dioxide is approximately 8 g/mL and 14 g/mL respectively.

The molar density of mercury is 104 g/mL at standard temperature and pressure.

In contrast, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and all four carbon-containing chemicals found in tobacco smoke are toxic because of their relatively high molar densities of 0.0000000000000001, 0.00000016, 0.00000051, and 0.0000000000000001 g/mL respectively.

The molar volume of a gas can also be influenced by pressure.

Fluids commonly have a fixed pressure above which they do not pour.

This prevents them from expanding if a body or object is put in it, a property called "shear stability".

The tendency for a fluid to expand with the increase in pressure is called pressure-induced expansion.

As another example, some gases remain at relatively constant pressure over long distances.

Gas-solid coalescence can occur if the gas is suddenly subjected to a sudden drop in pressure.

The resulting convection may suddenly rupture a balloon or the envelope of a gas capsule, filling the cavity with hot gaseous components.

Several fluids will pour out, such as a liquid boiling from a container on a stove or a vapor escaping a pressurized train.

Nyquist's gas law states that a gas consists of "molecules per cubic centimeter".

This statement is known to be true, but one of the many difficulties involved in calculating the molar volume is to determine the physical quantities required to represent the gas, a problem not mentioned by Nyquist.

In practice, several physical quantities are typically used to represent a given gas, each with their own advantages and disadvantages.

There are some factors, however, which affect the choice of a given physical quantity, including:

A fourth principle of kinematics states that for any inertial system "M", there is a first-order frame of reference for that system and, in addition, an inertial frame of reference that acts as the origin of velocity.

All other frames of reference may either be (slightly) relative to one another, or they may be in relative motion with respect to one another.

Varying between frames of reference results in an almost frictionless world.

For an ideal gas at rest with uniform, continuous pressure and temperature and acceleration a frame of reference (a.k.a.

axis of simultaneity or simply axis of simultaneity) is a true line (any straight line) that is orthogonal to each system.

This means that its motion with respect to one another is perfectly parallel.

The true axis of simultaneity will not move at all relative to a given system, thus pointing at the origin of its velocity at every instant of time.

The true axis of simultaneity is distinct from the normal direction of the system, which is always pointing forward.

In the limit of a perfect gravitational field (i.e., a sphere of uniform gravitational acceleration), the true axis of simultaneity is parallel to the sphere's axis of rotation.

A new definition has been proposed for the inertial frame of reference:

The inertial frame of reference is the vertical coordinate system centered on the origin of mass, such that all the other coordinate systems described above are described by straight lines parallel to the axis of simultaneity.

The gravitational acceleration is measured in units of "g" and the universal gravitational acceleration in units of "g", where "g" is the force of gravity.

In Newtonian mechanics the gravitational field is described by coordinate systems on the surface of a homogeneous sphere of uniform gravitational acceleration.